Thermal expansion refers to the increase in volume (and decrease in density) that results from warming water. Global mean sea level change resulting from change in the mass of the ocean is called barystatic. Rights that are inherent to all human beings, universal, inalienable, and indivisible, typically expressed and guaranteed by law. The interconnected body of saline water that covers 71% of the Earths surface, contains 97% of the Earths water and provides 99% of the Earths biologically habitable space. Its pore space is at least partially interconnected, allowing air and water to circulate. Ablation also refers to the mass lost by any of these processes. A negative feedback is one in which the initial perturbation is weakened by the changes it causes; a positive feedback is one in which the initial perturbation is enhanced. IPCC assessments and special reports are prepared by three Working Groups, each looking at a different aspect of the science related to climate change: Working Group I (The Physical Science Basis), Working Group II (Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability), and Working Group III (Mitigation of Climate Change). See also Calving (of glaciers or ice sheets) and Discharge (of ice). The regional and crosscutting factsheets give a snapshot of the key findings, distilled from the relevant Chapters and Cross-Chapter Papers, the TS and the Global to Regional Atlas. The sum of gross value added, at purchasers prices, by all resident and non-resident producers in the economy, plus any taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products in a country or a geographic region for a given period, normally one year. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) The use of ecosystem management activities to increase the resilience and reduce the vulnerability of people and ecosystems to climate change (Campbell et al., 2009). The radiative forcing once rapid adjustments are accounted for is termed the effective radiative forcing. The degree to which climate goals and response options are considered possible and/or desirable. See also Ecosystem services and Land use. Sea level changes, both globally and locally, resulting from changes in water density are called steric. Steps to build climate resilience Building climate resilience involves all actors (governments, communities and businesses) having the capacity to anticipate climate risks and hazards, absorb shocks and stresses, and reshape and transform development pathways in the longer term. The capacity of interconnected social, economic and ecological systems to cope with a hazardous event, trend or disturbance, responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure. See also Biological (carbon) pump, Blue carbon, Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC), Microbial carbon pump and Solubility pump. See also Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). In this Special Report, confidence is expressed qualitatively (Mastrandrea et al., 2010). Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF)/Glacier lake outburst. Ecological processes or functions having monetary or non-monetary value to individuals or society at large. Thaw can occur over decades to centuries over the entire depth of permafrost ground, with impacts occurring while thaw progresses. Downward motion of the land surface induced by anthropogenic drivers (e.g., loading, extraction of hydrocarbons and/or groundwater, drainage, mining activities) causing sediment compaction or subsidence/deformation of the sedimentary sequence, or oxidation of organic material, thereby leading to relative sea level rise. These ecosystems have high carbon burial rates on a per unit area basis and accumulate carbon in their soils and sediments. Tipping points are also used when referring to impact: the term can imply that an impact tipping point is (about to be) reached in a natural or human system. This junction normally occurs over a zone, rather than at a line. See also Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), G. Net-zero emissions are achieved when anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere are balanced by anthropogenic removals over a specified period. Emission pathways are classified by their temperature trajectory over the 21st century: pathways giving at least 50% probability based on current knowledge of limiting global warming to below 1.5oC are classified as no overshoot; those limiting warming to below 1.6oC and returning to 1.5oC by 2100 are classified as 1.5oC limited overshoot; while those exceeding 1.6oC but still returning to 1.5oC by 2100 are classified as higher overshoot. Where multiple GHGs are involved, the quantification of net-zero emissions depends on the climate metric chosen to compare emissions of different gases (such as global warming potential, global temperature change potential, and others, as well as the chosen time horizon). Adaptive governance An emerging term in the literature for the evolution of formal and informal institutions of governance that prioritise planning, implementation and evaluation of policy through iterative social learning; in the context of climate change, governance facilitating social learning to steer the use and protection of natural resources, and ecosystem services, particularly in situations of complexity and uncertainty. PDF What Is Climate Change? Often aligned with ideas of equality, fairness and justice and applied with respect to equity in the responsibility for, and distribution of, climate impacts and policies across society, generations, and gender, and in the sense of who participates and controls the processes of decision making. CCP5 assesses climate change impacts and risks, vulnerability as well as barriers and options for adaptation and climate resilient development in mountain regions. Aerosols may be of either natural or anthropogenic origin. See also Global warming, Greenhouse gas (GHG), Land and Ocean acidification (OA). Planned relocation is typically initiated, supervised and implemented from national to local level and involves small communities and individual assets but may also involve large populations. See Section 1.9.2 in this Special Report for the list of likelihood qualifiers used. The term pathway emphasises the fact that not only the long-term concentration levels, but also the trajectory taken over time to reach that outcome are of interest (Moss et al., 2010). See also Anthropogenic, Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and Greenhouse gas removal (GGR). See also Biological (carbon) pump, Blue carbon and Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC). To communicate its findings and explain its work, the IPCC takes part in outreach activities organized by the IPCC or hosted by other organizations, and provides speakers to other conferences. A change in the fundamental attributes of natural and human systems. See also Atmosphere. And even in . Non-native species can have various effects on and adversely affect the local ecosystem. See also Climate model. The pelagic zone consists of the entire water column of the open ocean. See also Abrupt climate change, Adaptation, Irreversibility and Natural Systems. Adaptation limits The point at which an actors objectives (or system needs) cannot be secured from intolerable risks through adaptive actions. In some cases, incremental adaptation can accrue to result in transformational adaptation (Tabara et al., 2018; Termeer et al., 2017). See also Ice sheet and Marine ice cliff instability (MICI). See also Tipping point. A situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO, 2001). (IPCC) The concentration of greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere is directly linked to the average global temperature on Earth. Gender equity Equity between women and men with regard to their rights, resources and opportunities. The loss of oxygen in the ocean. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The ability of a place to support human life by providing protection from hazards which challenge human survival, and by assuring adequate space, food and freshwater. Both warm and cold-water coral reefs support high biodiversity of fish and other groups, and are considered to be especially vulnerable to climate change. Income inequality refers to gaps between highest and lowest income earners within a country and between countries. See also Calving (of glaciers or ice sheets) and Marine ice cliff instability (MICI). (3) The World Bank uses income as the main criterion for classifying countries as low, lower middle, upper middle, and high income. Change in organismal trait values in response to an environmental cue, and which does not require change in underlying DNA sequence. It is the principal anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) that affects the Earths radiative balance. Its goal is to inform governments about the latest climate science, and explain what impacts climate change will likely have on the world in the coming decades. It results from ocean warming, which reduces oxygen solubility and increases oxygen consumption and stratification, thereby reducing the mixing of oxygen into the ocean interior. A pair of satellites to measure the Earths gravity field anomalies from 2002 to 2017. Sea level measured by a tide gauge with respect to the land upon which it is situated. A suspension of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between a few nanometres and 10 m, that reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours. A period of abnormally dry weather long enough to cause a serious hydrological imbalance. See also Alien (non-native) species, Ecosystem and Endemic species. Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) are the primary GHGs in the Earths atmosphere. Detection of change is defined as the process of demonstrating that climate or a system affected by climate has changed in some defined statistical sense, without providing a reason for that change. The community of organisms living on the bottom or in sediments of a body of water (such as an ocean, river or lake). IPCC: Climate change is driving a mass extinction - Vox See also Risk. What Is Climate Change? Mitigation measures In climate policy, mitigation measures are technologies, processes or practices that contribute to mitigation, for example renewable energy technologies, waste minimisation processes, public transport commuting practices. See also Anthropogenic. Thus, 362.5 Gt of water mass added to the ocean correspond to 1 mm of global mean sea level rise. See also (Internal) Displacement (of humans) and Sea level change (sea level rise/sea level fall). Trajectories that strengthen sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities while promoting fair and cross-scalar adaptation to and resilience in a changing climate. Facts about the climate emergency | UNEP - UN Environment Programme See also Food system and Malnutrition. Elections IPCC-59 Latest During an ENSO event, the prevailing trade winds weaken, reducing upwelling and altering ocean currents such that the SSTs warm, further weakening the trade winds. Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of radiation emitted by the Earths ocean and land surface, by the atmosphere itself, and by clouds. These activities include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use and land use changes (LULUC), livestock production, fertilisation, waste management, and industrial processes. Glossary Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate This report is the contribution of Working Group III to the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report. Removal of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the atmosphere by deliberate human activities, that is, in addition to the removal that would occur via natural carbon cycle processes. The positive effects that a policy or measure aimed at one objective might have on other objectives, thereby increasing the total benefits for society or the environment. The depth is not precise, but describes what commonly is highly relevant for people and ecosystems. See also Climate change, Human system, Natural systems and Tipping point. The involuntary movement, individually or collectively, of persons from their country or community, notably for reasons of armed conflict, civil unrest,ornaturalorman-madedisasters(adaptedfromIOM,2011). Atmospheric compounds that are not greenhouse gases (GHGs) or aerosols, but that have an effect on GHG or aerosol concentrations by taking part in physical or chemical processes regulating their production or destruction rates. The term El Nino was initially used to describe a warm-water current that periodically flows along the coast of Ecuador and Peru, disrupting the local fishery. Ground (soil or rock, and included ice and organic material) that remains at or below 0oC for at least two consecutive years (Harris et al., 1988). Additionally, the Agreement aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change. Climate change may be due to See also Aerosol, Albedo, Forcing and Short-lived climate forcers (SLCF). In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects. The empirical/statistical methods are based on observations and develop statistical relationships that link the large-scale atmospheric variables with local/regional climate variables. The IPCC Working Group I (WGI) aims at assessing the physical scientific basis of the climate system and climate change. The ecological zone at the bottom of a body of water, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers, is known as the benthic zone. The functions of such a system arise from the interactions and interdependence of the social and ecological subsystems. See also Climate extreme (extreme weather or climate event), Extreme weather event and Marine heatwave. See also Geoengineering. Estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a value over a specified reference period. The collection of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) contains all of the reports FAQs as well as overarching FAQs, which were produced as a special outreach material. Often estimated through experiments in atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) where CO2 levels are either quadrupled or doubled from pre-industrial levels and which are integrated for 100-200 years. Radiative forcing is not to be confused with cloud radiative forcing, which describes an unrelated measure of the impact of clouds on the radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere. Economic feasibility An indicator of the benefits and costs of a climate adaptation or response, often expressed as a ratio of the two, used in order to judge whether it is possible or wise to proceed with the option. IPCC at the Bonn Climate Conference GENEVA, June 2 - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will be taking an active part in the upcoming 58th session of the Subsidiary Bodies of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Chapter 16 synthesizes observed climate change impacts, adaptation-related responses, limits to adaptation and the key risks identified across sectors and regions. RCPs were used to develop climate projections in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project CMIP5. Chapter 10 assesses climate change impacts and risks, vulnerability as well as enabling conditions, barriers and options for adaptation and climate resilient development in Asia. Snow that has survived at least one ablation season but has not been transformed to glacier ice. It can apply to humans but also to natural systems ( ecosystems ), and both are interdependent. Soil or rock in which part or all of the pore water consists of ice. The set of interlinked relationships between people, the state, society and markets as defined by law, politics, economics, customs and power that determine the outcome of trade and transactions and the distribution of wealth in a country or economy. Beneficial contributions from nature include such things as food provision, water purification, flood control, and artistic inspiration, whereas detrimental contributions include disease transmission and predation that damages people or their assets. Movement of a person or a group of persons, either across an international border, or within a State. Aerosols can influence climate in several ways: directly through scattering and absorbing radiation, and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei or ice nuclei, modifying the optical properties and lifetime of clouds or upon deposition on snow or icecovered surfaces thereby altering their albedo and contributing to climate feedback. What is climate change adaptation and why is it vital? | World Economic In lakes, icebergs can originate by breaking off shelf ice, which forms through freezing of a lake surface. See also Sink. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. See also Sequestration and Sink. Understanding Global Warming Potentials | US EPA These fields have been used, among other things, to study mass changes of the polar ice sheets and glaciers. Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE). What is climate change? A really simple guide - BBC News See also Biodiversity. Abrupt climate change refers to a large-scale change in the climate system that takes place over a few decades or less, persists (or is anticipated to persist) for at least a few decades, and causes substantial disruptions in human and natural systems. The unprecedented acceleration of climate change over the last 50 years and the increasing confidence in global climate models add to the compelling evidence that . A broad set of methods and technologies that aim to deliberately alter the climate system in order to alleviate the impacts of cli- mate change. See also Heatwave and Hydrological cycle. In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. See also Anthropogenic emissions. A perturbed state of a dynamical system is defined as irreversible on a given timescale if the recovery timescale from this state due to natural processes is significantly longer than the time it takes for the system to reach this perturbed state. Sea ice less than one year old is called first-year ice. involves ensuring the persistence of natural and human systems, implying the continuous functioning of ecosystems, the conservation of high biodiversity, the recycling of natural resources and, in the human sector, successful application of justice and equity. GENEVA, June 2 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will be taking an active part in the upcoming , The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Methodology Report on Short-lived Climate Forcers, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023, AR6 Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, AR6 Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014, AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, AR5 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, AR5 Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, endorsed the action by WMO and UNEP in jointly establishing the IPCC, Learn more about the IPCC and its processes, IPCC at the Bonn Climate Change conference (SB and SBSTA 58 ), IPCC Workshop on the Use of Scenarios in the Sixth Assessment Report and Subsequent Assessments, IPCC TG-Data Scenario Database and Scenario Explorer Webinars, 2023 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (IPCC) The concentration has been rising steadily, and mean global temperatures along with it, since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Adaptation pathways A series of adaptation choices involving trade-offs between short-term and long-term goals and values. Chapter 17 assesses the options, processes and enabling conditions for climate risk management as well as the governance and applicability of adaptation options in various contexts. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulateorganic carbon (POC). See also Climate model and Global mean surface temperature (GMST). The dynamic physical and biological components of the environment that would operate in the absence of human impacts. Adaptation behaviour Human actions that directly or indirectly affect the risks of climate change impacts. (1) In the United Nations (UN) system, there is no established convention for the designation of developed and developing countries or areas.